الثلاثاء، 23 يونيو 2009

Yasser Arafat


Mohammed Abdel Rahman Abdel Raouf Arafat al-Qudwa al-Husseini August 1929–11 November 2004), popularly known as Yasser Arafat or by his kunya Abu Ammar was a Palestinian leader. He was Chairman of the Palestine Liberation Organization, President of the Palestinian National Authority, and leader of the Fatah political party, which he founded in 1959. Arafat spent much of his life fighting against Israel in the name of Palestinian self-determination. Originally opposed to Israel's existence, he modified his position in 1988 when he accepted UN Security Council Resolution 242.
Arafat and his movement operated from several Arab countries. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, Fatah faced off with Jordan in a brief civil war. Forced out of Jordan and into Lebanon, Arafat and Fatah were major targets of Israel's 1978 and 1982 invasions of that country. He was "revered by many Arabs," and the majority of the Palestinian people, regardless of political ideology or faction, viewed him as a freedom fighter who symbolized their national aspirations. However, he was "reviled by many Israelis" and described "in much of the West as the world'snumber one terrorist" for the attacks his faction led against civilians. Later in his career, Arafat engaged in a series of negotiations with the government of Israel to end the decades-long conflict between that country and the PLO. These included the Madrid Conference of 1991, the 1993 Oslo Accords and the 2000 Camp David Summit. His political rivals, including Islamists and several PLO leftists, often denounced him for being corrupt or too submissive in his concessions to the Israeli government. In 1994, Arafat received the Nobel Peace Prize, together with Yitzhak Rabin and Shimon Peres, for the negotiations at Oslo. During this time, Hamas and other militant organizations rose to power and shook the foundations of the authority Fatah under Arafat had established in the Palestinian territories.
In late 2004, after effectively being confined within his Ramallah compound for over two years by the Israeli army, Arafat became ill and fell into a coma. While the exact cause of his death remains unknown, doctors spoke of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura andcirrhosis, but no autopsy was performed. Arafat died on 11 November 2004 at the age of 75.
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Saddam Hussein


Saddam Hussein Abd al-Majid al-Tikriti (Arabik:ʿAbd al-Majīd al-Tikrītī]April 28, 1937– December 30, 2006)was the prisedint of Iraq from July 16, 1979 until April 9, 2003.
A leading member of the revolutionary Ba'ath party, which espoused secular pan-arabism, economic modernization, and Arab socialism, Saddam played a key role in the 1968 coup that brought the party to long-term power. As vice president under the ailing General Ahmed Hassan Al-bakr, Saddam tightly controlled conflict between the government and the armed forces — at a time when many other groups were considered capable of overthrowing the government — by creating repressive security forces. In the early 1970s, Saddam spearheaded Iraq's nationalization of the Western-owned Iraq petroleum Company, which had long held a monopoly on the country's oil. Through the 1970s, Saddam cemented hisauthority over the apparati of government as Iraq's economy grew at a rapid pace.
As president, Saddam maintained power during the IRAN-IRAQ war (1980–1988) and the first Persian Gulf War (1991). During these conflicts, Saddam repressed several movements, particularly Shi'a and Kurdish movements seeking to overthrow the government or gain independence, respectively. Whereas some Arabs looked upon him as a hero for his aggressive stance against foreign intervention and for his support for the Palestinians many Arabs and western leaders vilified him for murdering scores of Kurdish people of the north and his invasion of Kuwait. Saddam was deposed by the U.S. and its allies during the 2003 invasion of Iraq captured bu U.S Forces on December 13, 2003, Saddam was brought to trial under the Iraqi interim government set up by U.S-led Forces. On November 5, 2006, he was convicted of charges related to the executions of 148 Iraqi Shi'ites suspected of planning an assassination attempt against him, and was sentenced to death by hanging. Saddam was excuted on December
30, 2006.
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الاثنين، 22 يونيو 2009

Leader Of Oman



Sultan Qaboos bin Said was born in Salalah in Dhofar on 18th November, 1940, the only son of Sultan Said bin Taimur (1932-1970) and the eighth direct descendant of the royal Al Busaidi line, founded in 1744 by Imam Ahmed bin Said. Sultan Qaboos has received his primary and secondary education in Salalah, and When he reached the age of 16, his father sent him to a private educational establishment in England. At the age of 20, he entered the Royal Military Academy at Sandhurst. After passing out of Sandhurst, he joined a British Infantry battalion on operations in Germany for one year and also held a staff appointment with the British Army.
After his military service, Sultan Qaboos studied local government subjects in England and, after a world tour, returned home to Salalah where he studied Islam and the history of his country. Upon his accession to the throne on 23 July 1970, he moved to Muscat where he declared that the country would no longer be known as 'Muscat and Oman', but would be united as the 'Sultanate of Oman'.
Since this time, Sultan Qaboos has faced many obstacles, not least than when he came to power. Oman today has an excellent health service, a clear road network and many educational establishments for girls and boys, from nursery levels, to university degrees.
His Majesty Sultan Qaboos has described his situation thus:"I am working for Oman - the country and its people...for me it is a delight to see my country and my people in the situation I imagined from the very first day I assumed power. I feel that I am a man with a mission rather than a man with authority.
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